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Gadhegals or Asscurse stones - The territorial markers of medieval times in Mumbai

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Asscurse stone or Ghadegal literal translation in local language is "gadhe" means donkey and "gal" means stone. These are rock edict that dates back to mostly Shilahara dynasty that ruled between 8th century to 12th century but few stones have been found to be from later period like 14th and 15th century. The stones were declarations of land grants bestowed on families and that a curse or punishment would fall in case someone violated the order. These steles had some peculiar and common features like on the top showing sun, moon and kalasa indicating the grant would remain till perpetuity, Kalasha indicating that it bestows prosperity upon the grantee and sculptural panel showing imagery of donkey and a female in a sexual congress, the meaning of this imagery is that anyone who oppose or dispute the grant would be punished and as punishment the miscreants mother will be copulated with a donkey. Many of these edicts even had some inscriptions though not necessarily f

Dhenugal of Aarey - The land grant relics from medieval times

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Aarey forest lies on the fringes of Sanjay Gandhi National park, It became a hub of dairy industry when Dara Nusserwanji Khurody, milk commissioner of Bombay established Aarey milk colony in 1949-50. Aarey today acts as a buffer between the city and the forest of SGNP, one of the few green spaces left in the city. The road dissecting the Aarey forest provides easy connectivity between the western and eastern suburbs. But within the forest of Aarey lies close to over 25 settlements of the indigenious tribal hamlets or locally known as "padas", The tribals who have inhabited the forest for many generations and centuries. Marol - a locality today near Aarey was an area that has been inhabited in pre Portuguese era also. It is said that Marol was the economic capital during the Shilahara dynasty which ruled North Konkan during 8th to 12th century. It is also said that Raja Bimbdev from 13th century who established his kingdom and capital Mahikhavati at present day Mahim is also s

Ruins of an ancient Shiva (Pandav) temple in Atgaon below Kasara Ghat

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When we talk about an ancient Shiva temple in Mumbai then the first thought reaches to Ambreshwar Shiva temple of Ambarnath which is one of the most beautiful 11th-century temple around Mumbai. But not many are aware of yet another Shiva temple in Atgaon valley which though lies in a very dilapidated state could have been yet another very beautiful temple in its heydays, remnants of the temple prove the point. The Shiva temple as per some information available in the Thane gazetteer shows that it was built in the 12th or 13th century. The temple is well known as Pandav temple. Having seen some posts about the temple visited by heritage enthusiasts on social media and the fact that there were some hero stones lying in the vicinity evinced my interest in this ancient site. The temple stands some 1.2 km southwest of the Atgaon station on a small hill and the path that crisscrosses the rice fields and the teak forest at the mouth of Atgaon valley. The setting of the temple is such that it

Ranakpur Sun temple - Temple dedicated to Sun god that stands as solitary splendour in middle of Aravalli Mountains.

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Ranakpur - located in western Rajasthan between Udaipur and Jodhpur cities is famous for its magnanimous Jain temples from the 15th century carved in marble stone. The set of three Jain temples stands like a white pearl surrounded by dense forest and hills of the Aravalli mountain range. The Jain temples draw devout Jain pilgrims from across India and abroad including architecture and heritage enthusiasts. But apart from the Jain temple complex, there lies a lone temple just 350 meters from Jain temple complex which is much older and was built by the Maharana Mokalji - father of Rana Kumbha. This temple stands in the shadow of the grandeur of the Jain temples and is dedicated to Sun God - known as Lord Surya Narayan. The Surya Narayan temple is one of the few temples in India dedicated to the Sun god built in white limestone in Nagara style of architecture with a delicate ornamental work. The 13th-century temple built on a raised stone platform with no boundaries is managed by Eklingji